Consent / 知情同意: Participation is voluntary and anonymous. Data will be used solely for academic research. By completing this questionnaire you consent to its use.本問卷完全自愿、匿名填寫，數據僅用于學術研究。完成本問卷即表明您同意數據用于上述目的。
Section A: Professional Background A部分：職業(yè)背景 Please select the most appropriate answer for each question.請為每道題選擇最符合您情況的答案。 1. What is your gender?您的性別？ Male 男 Female 女 Prefer not to say 不愿透露
2. How many years of teaching experience do you have?您有多少年教學經驗？ Less than 3 years / 不足3年 3–6 years / 3–6年 7–10 years / 7–10年 More than 10 years / 10年以上
3. What level(s) do you currently teach? (Select all that apply)您目前教授哪個/哪些級別？（可多選） Beginner (A1–A2) / 初級 Intermediate (B1–B2) / 中級 Advanced (C1–C2) / 高級
4. How often do you use Generative AI tools in your teaching practice?您在教學實踐中多頻繁使用生成式AI工具？ Never / 從不 Rarely (once a month or less) / 很少（每月一次或更少） Sometimes (a few times a month) / 有時（每月幾次） Often (a few times a week) / 經常（每周幾次） Always (daily or almost daily) / 總是（每天）
5. Have you received any formal training on AI use in education?您是否接受過關于教育中AI使用的正式培訓？ Yes, formal training / 是，正式培訓 Yes, self-directed learning only / 是，僅自學 No training / 未接受培訓
Section B: Beliefs about Generative AI in Language Teaching B部分：對生成式AI在語言教學中的看法
Please rate your level of agreement with each statement (1 = Strongly Disagree, 6 = Strongly Agree).請評估您對以下陳述的同意程度（1 = 完全不同意，6 = 完全同意）。 6. AI tools give students immediate feedback that supports their Spanish learning.AI工具為學生提供即時反饋，支持其西班牙語學習。 1 2 3 4 5 6
7. AI tools reduce students' motivation to develop their own language competence.AI工具降低了學生主動培養(yǎng)自身語言能力的積極性。 1 2 3 4 5 6
8. AI helps students access accurate and useful information for Spanish tasks.AI幫助學生獲取準確、有用的西班牙語學習信息。 1 2 3 4 5 6
9. Students are unable to critically evaluate the information provided by AI.學生無法批判性地評估AI所提供的信息。 1 2 3 4 5 6
10. AI tools create new opportunities for designing more authentic assessment tasks.AI工具為設計更真實的評估任務提供了新機遇。 1 2 3 4 5 6
11. AI makes it harder for teachers to assess students' real Spanish proficiency.AI使教師更難評估學生真實的西班牙語水平。 1 2 3 4 5 6
12. Using AI in class allows me to adopt more creative and flexible teaching strategies.在課堂中使用AI使我能夠采用更有創(chuàng)意、更靈活的教學策略。 1 2 3 4 5 6
13. AI could replace some of the pedagogical roles that teachers currently play.AI可能會取代教師目前承擔的部分教學角色。 1 2 3 4 5 6
14. I feel confident guiding students in the responsible use of AI for language learning.我有信心引導學生負責任地將AI用于語言學習。 1 2 3 4 5 6
15. Integrating AI in Spanish teaching requires significant extra preparation time.將AI整合到西班牙語教學中需要大量額外的備課時間。 1 2 3 4 5 6
16. Clear institutional policies on AI use in language courses are necessary.學校/機構需要制定明確的AI使用政策用于語言課程。 1 2 3 4 5 6
Section C: Teaching Beliefs (Reproductive vs Constructive Orientation) C部分：教學信念（傳授型 vs 建構型取向） Rate your agreement (1 = Strongly Disagree, 6 = Strongly Agree). Odd items reflect a Reproductive orientation; even items reflect a Constructive orientation.請評估您的同意程度（1 = 完全不同意，6 = 完全同意）。奇數題反映傳授型取向，偶數題反映建構型取向。 17. My role is to transmit Spanish language knowledge directly to students.我的職責是直接向學生傳授西班牙語知識。
1 2 3 4 5 6
18. I design tasks that encourage students to construct their own understanding of Spanish.我設計任務，鼓勵學生自主建構對西班牙語的理解。 1 2 3 4 5 6
19. Students learn best when they follow structured explanations provided by the teacher.學生在跟隨教師結構化講解時學習效果最佳。 1 2 3 4 5 6
20. I encourage students to explore Spanish in authentic, open-ended situations.我鼓勵學生在真實、開放的情境中探索西班牙語。 1 2 3 4 5 6
21. Correct reproduction of language forms is the primary goal of my teaching.正確再現語言形式是我教學的首要目標。 1 2 3 4 5 6
22. I value student-driven inquiry and experimentation in language learning.我重視學習者主導的探究與實驗式語言學習。 1 2 3 4 5 6
23. I believe effective teaching means ensuring students master a set curriculum.我認為有效教學意味著確保學生掌握規(guī)定課程內容。 1 2 3 4 5 6
24. I see my role as a facilitator who supports students in discovering language patterns themselves.我將自己的角色定位為幫助學生自主發(fā)現語言規(guī)律的引導者。 1 2 3 4 5 6
Section D: Observed Student Cognitive Offloading Behaviour D部分：觀察到的學生認知卸載行為 Based on your classroom observations, rate how frequently you observe each behaviour (1 = Never, 6 = Always).根據您的課堂觀察，評估您觀察到以下行為的頻率（1 = 從不，6 = 總是）。 25. I observe that students use AI to complete Spanish tasks without attempting them first.我觀察到學生在未嘗試自己完成的情況下，直接用AI完成西班牙語任務。 1 2 3 4 5 6
26. Students frequently copy AI-generated Spanish text without editing or checking it.學生經常直接復制AI生成的西班牙語文本，不加修改或核查。 1 2 3 4 5 6
27. Students seem less willing to memorise Spanish vocabulary or rules since AI became available.自AI普及以來，學生似乎不太愿意記憶西班牙語詞匯或規(guī)則了。 1 2 3 4 5 6
28. Students ask AI for explanations of Spanish rules they should already know.學生會向AI詢問他們本應已掌握的西班牙語規(guī)則解釋。 1 2 3 4 5 6
29. I observe students critically evaluating the accuracy of AI-generated Spanish content.我觀察到學生會批判性地評估AI生成的西班牙語內容的準確性。
1 2 3 4 5 6
30. Students appear to engage more deeply with Spanish tasks when AI use is restricted.當限制使用AI時，學生在西班牙語任務上表現出更深入的參與。
1 2 3 4 5 6
Section E: Teaching Practice with Generative AI E部分：生成式AI相關教學實踐 Rate how frequently you engage in each practice (1 = Never, 6 = Always).請評估您從事以下教學實踐的頻率（1 = 從不，6 = 總是）。 31. I explicitly teach students how to critically evaluate AI-generated Spanish content.我明確教授學生如何批判性地評估AI生成的西班牙語內容。 1 2 3 4 5 6
32. I design assessment tasks that cannot be completed by AI alone.我設計無法單獨由AI完成的評估任務。 1 2 3 4 5 6
33. I discuss the risks of over-reliance on AI with my students.我與學生討論過度依賴AI的風險。 1 2 3 4 5 6
34. I incorporate AI tools as a resource in my lesson plans.我將AI工具作為資源納入我的教學計劃。 1 2 3 4 5 6
35. I monitor whether students are using AI appropriately during class activities.我監(jiān)督學生在課堂活動中是否恰當使用AI。 1 2 3 4 5 6
36. I provide guidelines or rubrics to help students use AI responsibly in Spanish tasks.我提供指南或評分標準，幫助學生在西班牙語任務中負責任地使用AI。 1 2 3 4 5 6
Scale sources / 量表來源: Cabellos et al. / De-la-Calle-Durán et al. (2024); De Vries et al. (2014); Gerlich (2025)